{"id":43,"date":"2023-04-24T18:29:05","date_gmt":"2023-04-24T18:29:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/chapter\/pitch-notation\/"},"modified":"2025-08-12T21:30:46","modified_gmt":"2025-08-12T21:30:46","slug":"pitch-notation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/chapter\/pitch-notation\/","title":{"raw":"Pitch notation","rendered":"Pitch notation"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"pitch-notation\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning objectives for Chapter 1<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In this chapter, we will learn:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>How to read and notate pitches on the staff in Western music notation, using four different clefs: treble, bass, alto, and tenor<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Some different symbols to modify notes on the staff, including <em>8va<\/em>\/<em>8vb<\/em> symbols and accidentals (flats, sharps, double flats, double sharps, and natural signs)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How the notes are arranged on the 88-note piano keyboard, as well as their octave designation numbers and their enharmonic equivalents in notation on the staff<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><a id=\"\"><\/a><a id=\"Pitch notation and clefs\"><\/a>Pitch notation and clefs<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In classical Western music notation, notes are drawn on the lines and spaces of a five-line [pb_glossary id=\"239\"]staff[\/pb_glossary] to indicate [pb_glossary id=\"244\"]pitch[\/pb_glossary]: how high or low a note sounds. Each note is given a letter name ranging from A to G. [pb_glossary id=\"241\"]Clefs[\/pb_glossary] are symbols placed on the leftmost side of a staff to indicate <span>which line or space corresponds to a given note<\/span>. Various clefs accommodate different ranges and instruments <span>by allowing higher or lower notes to be shown on the staff<\/span>. Examples are given below.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20111. Pitch notation with treble clef<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image1.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image1.jpeg\" alt=\"image of notes on staff in treble clef\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"1321\" height=\"154\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20112. Pitch notation with bass clef<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image2.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image2.jpeg\" alt=\"image of notes in bass clef on staff\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1318\" height=\"147\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20113. Pitch notation with movable C clefs<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image3.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image3.png\" alt=\"image of notes in movable c clefs\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1337\" height=\"471\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Although tenor and alto clefs are less common than treble and bass, they are used for several important orchestral instruments. For example, viola uses alto clef. <span>Tenor clef is used for extended passages in the higher ranges of instruments such as bassoon, violoncello, and trombone.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">There are some common tricks and mnemonic devices for learning treble and bass clefs, as shown in the following examples.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20114. Tricks for learning treble clef<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image4.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image4.jpg\" alt=\"image of space notes (spelling FACE) and line notes (\u201cEvery Good Boy Does Fine\u201d) in treble clef\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1823\" height=\"220\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20115. Tricks for learning bass clef<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image5.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image5.jpg\" alt=\"image of space notes (\u201cAll Cars Eat Gas\u201d) and line notes (\u201cGood Boys Do Fine Always\u201d) in bass clef\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1817\" height=\"192\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Each note that appears on a staff has a specific placement in a particular octave. For example, the A that appears on the first space of the bass clef staff is one octave lower in pitch than the A that appears on the fifth line on the same staff. The [pb_glossary id=\"251\"]grand staff[\/pb_glossary], as shown in Example 1\u20116, combines treble and bass clefs and is used commonly for piano music since it covers a wide pitch range. [pb_glossary id=\"252\"]Ledger lines[\/pb_glossary] are used to extend the number of pitches that may be shown on a staff.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20116. Pitch notation on the grand staff<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image6.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image6.jpeg\" alt=\"image of notes on grand staff, including ledger lines\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1321\" height=\"418\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video: T01 Pitch notation and clefs (11:02)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dYDYpjj5_GM[\/embed]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This video introduces Western staff notation to indicate pitch using treble, bass, and movable-C (alto and tenor) clefs. The video concludes with an excerpt from Igor Stravinsky\u2019s <em>The <\/em><em>Rite of Spring<\/em>, a ballet that features a compelling bassoon solo notated in tenor clef.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Access the slideshow here: <a class=\"rId30\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/1wupV1pDl6FOakE4sRdy_mwECUaBjtsfg_z6yIZd9vT0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Pitch notation and clefs slides<\/span><\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Learn more about Russian composer Igor Stravinsky (1882\u20131971) by reading this <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.52818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oxford Music Online article<\/a>, written by Stephen Walsh.<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">When ledger lines become too cumbersome to show pitches below or above the given range of a staff, there are additional symbols that may be used to indicate an octave below (<em>8vb<\/em>) or an octave above (<em>8va<\/em>) a written note or set of notes. Example 1\u20117 shows how a very low passage is made easier to read through the use of the <em>8vb<\/em> symbol. Similarly, Example 1\u20118 shows two ways to notate a very high passage, one with the <em>8va<\/em> symbol and the other with ledger lines.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20117. Very low passage notated with and without <em>8vb<\/em> symbol<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image7.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image7-1024x205.png\" alt=\"very low passage notated in two different ways in bass clef\" width=\"1024\" height=\"205\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-28\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n[audio mp3=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.7final.mp3\"][\/audio]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20118. Very high passage notated with and without <em>8va<\/em> symbol<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image8.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image8-1024x199.png\" alt=\"image of very high passage notated in two different ways in treble clef\" width=\"1024\" height=\"199\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-29\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n[audio mp3=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.8final.mp3\"][\/audio]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><a id=\"_Toc130306322\"><\/a>Keyboard, octave designation, and symbols for modifying notes<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In order to distinguish different octave placements of the same pitch class, we use a system of [pb_glossary id=\"246\"]octave designations[\/pb_glossary], also referred to as \"American Standard Pitch Notation\" or \"ASPN.\" This system accommodates roughly the same span of ranges used on the 88-key piano. The octave designations on the grand staff are shown in Example 1\u20119, octave designations in alto and tenor clefs appear in Examples 1-10 and 1-11, and corresponding designations on the keyboard are shown in Example 1\u201112. Following this system, middle C is referred to as C4. The octave below middle C is C3, two octaves below is C2, and three octaves below is C1. The octave above middle C is C5, two octaves above is C6, and three octaves above is C7. The highest note on the piano, which is four octaves above middle C, is C8.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20119. Octave designations on the grand staff<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/04\/Example-1.9.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/04\/Example-1.9-1024x295.png\" alt=\"image of notes on grand staff with octave designation numbers\" width=\"1024\" height=\"295\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6556 size-large\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u201110. Octave designations in alto clef<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.10.-Alto-clef-with-8ve-designation.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.10.-Alto-clef-with-8ve-designation.png\" alt=\"C3, C4, and C5 notated on alto clef staff\" width=\"600\" height=\"251\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6898 size-full\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u201111. Octave designations in tenor clef<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.11.-Tenor-clef-with-8ve-designation.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.11.-Tenor-clef-with-8ve-designation.png\" alt=\"C3, C4, and C5 notated on tenor clef staff\" width=\"600\" height=\"251\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6900 size-full\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u201112. Octave designations on keyboard layout<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image10.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image10.png\" alt=\"image of keyboard with octaves numbered\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1430\" height=\"377\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The pitch of a note may be modified by adding one of the symbols that appear in Figure 1\u20111.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Figure 1\u20111. Symbols for modifying notes<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image11.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image11.png\" alt=\"The flat symbol, which lowers a note by one half step. The sharp symbol, which raises a note by one half step. The natural symbol, which restores a note to its unmodified status. The double flat symbol, which lowers a note by two half steps. The double sharp symbol, which raises a note by two half steps.\" width=\"1056\" height=\"222\" class=\"alignnone\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Example 1\u201113 shows the correlation between modified note names and their location on the keyboard. A [pb_glossary id=\"247\"]half step[\/pb_glossary] is the interval between two immediately adjacent keys on the piano. For comparison, on a guitar, the distance between each adjacent fret on the same string is also a half step.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u201113. Modified notes on the keyboard<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image12.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image12.png\" alt=\"image of keyboard showing enharmonically equivalent note names\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1429\" height=\"653\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Two notes that are spelled differently but sound the same are said to be [pb_glossary id=\"249\"]enharmonically equivalent[\/pb_glossary]. For example, C[latex]\\sharp[\/latex] and D[latex]\\flat[\/latex] look different in pitch notation, but sound at the same frequency. Likewise, F[latex]\\sharp[\/latex], G[latex]\\flat[\/latex] and E???? are all valid ways of writing the same note. Each of these enharmonically equivalent notes is shown in pitch notation in Example 1\u201114.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u201114. Enharmonically equivalent notes in pitch notation<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image13.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image13.png\" alt=\"image of notes on staff corresponding to note on keyboard\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"996\" height=\"520\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video: T03 Keyboard layout, octave designations, and modifying notes (7:53)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yADmNs4R2iA[\/embed]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This video explores how the keyboard is arranged, defines how we can refer to notes not only by letter name but also by octave designation, and introduces five basic symbols for modifying notes: sharp, flat, natural, double sharp, and double flat.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><a id=\"Excercise 1-1 Pitch identification\"><\/a>EXERCISE 1-1 Pitch identification<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EXERCISE 1-1 Pitch identification<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">PART A. For each of the notes written on the grand staff below, provide the letter name and octave designation. The first is done for you.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 1<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image14.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image14.jpg\" alt=\"unlabeled notes on grand staff\" width=\"1854\" height=\"517\" class=\"alignnone\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 2<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image15.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image15.jpeg\" alt=\"unlabeled notes on grand staff\" width=\"1355\" height=\"378\" class=\"alignnone\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">PART B. For each of the notes written on the movable C clefs below, provide the letter name and octave designation beneath the staff. Take care to distinguish between alto and tenor clef. The first is done for you.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 1<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image16.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image16.jpg\" alt=\"unlabeled notes on alto clef staff\" width=\"1825\" height=\"246\" class=\"alignnone\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 2<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image17.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image17.jpg\" alt=\"unlabeled notes on tenor clef staff staff\" width=\"1821\" height=\"248\" class=\"alignnone\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Access a printer-friendly .pdf of the exercise here: <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.1-Pitch-identification.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ex1.1 Pitch identification<\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\nWant more practice identifying note names? Try these drills:\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId31\" href=\"https:\/\/tonesavvy.com\/music-practice-exercise\/1\/note-name-sight-reading-grand-staff-game\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice identifying note names on grand staff<\/span><\/a><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> (<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">tonesavvy<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"><\/span><a class=\"rId32\" href=\"https:\/\/www.musictheory.net\/exercises\/note\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice identifying note names on grand staff<\/span><\/a><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> (musictheory.net)<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"><\/span><a class=\"rId33\" href=\"https:\/\/tonesavvy.com\/music-practice-exercise\/22\/note-name-sight-reading-alto-staff-game\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice identifying note names in alto clef<\/span><\/a><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> (<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">tonesavvy<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">)<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><a id=\"Exercise 1-2 Pitch notation\"><\/a>EXERCISE 1-2 Pitch notation<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EXERCISE 1-2 Pitch notation<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">PART A. Given the letter name and octave designation, draw the following notes on the grand staff below in the most logical position. In some cases, it may make sense to notate the pitch in either treble or bass clef (either is fine). Be careful to notate the sharp or flat <span>to the immediate left of the note that is modified, on the same line or space.<\/span> The first is done for you.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 1<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image18.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image18-1024x299.png\" alt=\"Blank Grand staff with symbols indicating notes beneath staff\" width=\"1024\" height=\"299\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-39\" \/><\/a>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 2<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image19.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image19-1024x292.png\" alt=\"Blank Grand staff with symbols indicating notes beneath staff\" width=\"1024\" height=\"292\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-40\" \/><\/a>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">PART B. Given the letter name and octave designation, draw the following notes on the movable C clefs below. The first is done for you. Take special care to distinguish between alto and tenor clef, to notate the sharp or flat <span>directly to the left of the note that is modified<\/span>, and to place the note in the correct octave.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 1<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image20.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image20-1024x137.png\" alt=\"blank alto clef staff with symbols representing notes beneath staff\" width=\"1024\" height=\"137\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-41\" \/><\/a>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 2<\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image21.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image21-1024x122.png\" alt=\"blank tenor clef staff with symbols representing notes beneath staff\" width=\"1024\" height=\"122\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-42\" \/><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Access a printer-friendly .pdf of the exercise here: <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.2-Pitch-notation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ex1.2 Pitch notation<\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Want more practice constructing notes on the staff? Try this drill: <a class=\"rId34\" href=\"https:\/\/www.musictheory.net\/exercises\/note-construction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice note construction<\/span><\/a><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> (musictheory.net)<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><a id=\"Supplemental resources\"><\/a>Supplemental resources<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Supplemental resources for Chapter 1<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-right: -54pt\"><a class=\"rId35\" href=\"https:\/\/www.8notes.com\/school\/theory\/staff_clefs_ledger_lines.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">8Notes primer on the staff, clefs, and ledger lines<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-right: -54pt\"><a class=\"rId36\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/fundamentals-function-form\/chapter\/5-pitch\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Andre Mount\u2019s chapter on pitch notation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-right: -54pt\"><a class=\"rId37\" href=\"http:\/\/musictheory.pugetsound.edu\/mt21c\/BasicConcepts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Rob Hutchison\u2019s chapter on basic concepts<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-right: -54pt\"><a class=\"rId38\" href=\"https:\/\/musictheorymaterials.utk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Notation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Barbara Murphy\u2019s primer on musical notation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-right: -54pt\"><a class=\"rId39\" href=\"https:\/\/gmajormusictheory.org\/Fundamentals\/Ch01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Gilbert <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">DeBenedetti\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> chapter on the keyboard and the treble clef<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-right: -54pt\"><a class=\"rId40\" href=\"https:\/\/gmajormusictheory.org\/Fundamentals\/Ch02.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Gilbert <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">DeBenedetti\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> chapter on the bass clef<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/viva.pressbooks.pub\/openmusictheory\/chapter\/introduction-to-western-musical-notation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelsea Hamm's chapter on Western music notation<\/a> (Open Music Theory)\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/viva.pressbooks.pub\/openmusictheory\/chapter\/notation-of-notes-clefs-and-ledger-lines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelsea Hamm's chapter on notation of notes, clefs, and ledger lines<\/a> (Open Music Theory)\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/viva.pressbooks.pub\/openmusictheory\/chapter\/clefs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelsea Hamm's chapter on reading clefs<\/a> (Open Music Theory)\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/viva.pressbooks.pub\/openmusictheory\/chapter\/the-keyboard-and-grand-staff\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelsea Hamm's chapter on the keyboard and the grand staff<\/a> (Open Music Theory)\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/viva.pressbooks.pub\/openmusictheory\/chapter\/aspn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelsea Hamm and Bryn Hughes's chapter on octave designations<\/a> (Open Music Theory)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"pitch-notation\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning objectives for Chapter 1<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In this chapter, we will learn:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How to read and notate pitches on the staff in Western music notation, using four different clefs: treble, bass, alto, and tenor<\/li>\n<li>Some different symbols to modify notes on the staff, including <em>8va<\/em>\/<em>8vb<\/em> symbols and accidentals (flats, sharps, double flats, double sharps, and natural signs)<\/li>\n<li>How the notes are arranged on the 88-note piano keyboard, as well as their octave designation numbers and their enharmonic equivalents in notation on the staff<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1><a id=\"\"><\/a><a><\/a>Pitch notation and clefs<\/h1>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In classical Western music notation, notes are drawn on the lines and spaces of a five-line <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_43_239\">staff<\/a> to indicate <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_43_244\">pitch<\/a>: how high or low a note sounds. Each note is given a letter name ranging from A to G. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_43_241\">Clefs<\/a> are symbols placed on the leftmost side of a staff to indicate <span>which line or space corresponds to a given note<\/span>. Various clefs accommodate different ranges and instruments <span>by allowing higher or lower notes to be shown on the staff<\/span>. Examples are given below.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20111. Pitch notation with treble clef<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image1.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image1.jpeg\" alt=\"image of notes on staff in treble clef\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"1321\" height=\"154\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20112. Pitch notation with bass clef<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image2.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image2.jpeg\" alt=\"image of notes in bass clef on staff\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1318\" height=\"147\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20113. Pitch notation with movable C clefs<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image3.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image3.png\" alt=\"image of notes in movable c clefs\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1337\" height=\"471\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Although tenor and alto clefs are less common than treble and bass, they are used for several important orchestral instruments. For example, viola uses alto clef. <span>Tenor clef is used for extended passages in the higher ranges of instruments such as bassoon, violoncello, and trombone.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">There are some common tricks and mnemonic devices for learning treble and bass clefs, as shown in the following examples.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20114. Tricks for learning treble clef<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image4.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image4.jpg\" alt=\"image of space notes (spelling FACE) and line notes (\u201cEvery Good Boy Does Fine\u201d) in treble clef\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1823\" height=\"220\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20115. Tricks for learning bass clef<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image5.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image5.jpg\" alt=\"image of space notes (\u201cAll Cars Eat Gas\u201d) and line notes (\u201cGood Boys Do Fine Always\u201d) in bass clef\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1817\" height=\"192\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Each note that appears on a staff has a specific placement in a particular octave. For example, the A that appears on the first space of the bass clef staff is one octave lower in pitch than the A that appears on the fifth line on the same staff. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_43_251\">grand staff<\/a>, as shown in Example 1\u20116, combines treble and bass clefs and is used commonly for piano music since it covers a wide pitch range. <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_43_252\">Ledger lines<\/a> are used to extend the number of pitches that may be shown on a staff.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20116. Pitch notation on the grand staff<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image6.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image6.jpeg\" alt=\"image of notes on grand staff, including ledger lines\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1321\" height=\"418\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video: T01 Pitch notation and clefs (11:02)<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"T01 Pitch Notation &amp; Clefs Video\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dYDYpjj5_GM?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This video introduces Western staff notation to indicate pitch using treble, bass, and movable-C (alto and tenor) clefs. The video concludes with an excerpt from Igor Stravinsky\u2019s <em>The <\/em><em>Rite of Spring<\/em>, a ballet that features a compelling bassoon solo notated in tenor clef.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Access the slideshow here: <a class=\"rId30\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/1wupV1pDl6FOakE4sRdy_mwECUaBjtsfg_z6yIZd9vT0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Pitch notation and clefs slides<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Learn more about Russian composer Igor Stravinsky (1882\u20131971) by reading this <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.52818\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oxford Music Online article<\/a>, written by Stephen Walsh.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">When ledger lines become too cumbersome to show pitches below or above the given range of a staff, there are additional symbols that may be used to indicate an octave below (<em>8vb<\/em>) or an octave above (<em>8va<\/em>) a written note or set of notes. Example 1\u20117 shows how a very low passage is made easier to read through the use of the <em>8vb<\/em> symbol. Similarly, Example 1\u20118 shows two ways to notate a very high passage, one with the <em>8va<\/em> symbol and the other with ledger lines.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20117. Very low passage notated with and without <em>8vb<\/em> symbol<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image7.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image7-1024x205.png\" alt=\"very low passage notated in two different ways in bass clef\" width=\"1024\" height=\"205\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-28\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image7-1024x205.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image7-300x60.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image7-768x154.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image7-65x13.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image7-225x45.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image7-350x70.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image7.png 1114w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-43-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.7final.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.7final.mp3\">https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.7final.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20118. Very high passage notated with and without <em>8va<\/em> symbol<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image8.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image8-1024x199.png\" alt=\"image of very high passage notated in two different ways in treble clef\" width=\"1024\" height=\"199\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-29\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image8-1024x199.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image8-300x58.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image8-768x149.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image8-65x13.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image8-225x44.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image8-350x68.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image8.png 1285w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-43-2\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.8final.mp3?_=2\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.8final.mp3\">https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.8final.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1><a id=\"_Toc130306322\"><\/a>Keyboard, octave designation, and symbols for modifying notes<\/h1>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In order to distinguish different octave placements of the same pitch class, we use a system of <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_43_246\">octave designations<\/a>, also referred to as &#8220;American Standard Pitch Notation&#8221; or &#8220;ASPN.&#8221; This system accommodates roughly the same span of ranges used on the 88-key piano. The octave designations on the grand staff are shown in Example 1\u20119, octave designations in alto and tenor clefs appear in Examples 1-10 and 1-11, and corresponding designations on the keyboard are shown in Example 1\u201112. Following this system, middle C is referred to as C4. The octave below middle C is C3, two octaves below is C2, and three octaves below is C1. The octave above middle C is C5, two octaves above is C6, and three octaves above is C7. The highest note on the piano, which is four octaves above middle C, is C8.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u20119. Octave designations on the grand staff<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/04\/Example-1.9.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/04\/Example-1.9-1024x295.png\" alt=\"image of notes on grand staff with octave designation numbers\" width=\"1024\" height=\"295\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6556 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/04\/Example-1.9-1024x295.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/04\/Example-1.9-300x86.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/04\/Example-1.9-768x221.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/04\/Example-1.9-1536x442.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/04\/Example-1.9-2048x589.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/04\/Example-1.9-65x19.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/04\/Example-1.9-225x65.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/04\/Example-1.9-350x101.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u201110. Octave designations in alto clef<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.10.-Alto-clef-with-8ve-designation.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.10.-Alto-clef-with-8ve-designation.png\" alt=\"C3, C4, and C5 notated on alto clef staff\" width=\"600\" height=\"251\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6898 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.10.-Alto-clef-with-8ve-designation.png 600w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.10.-Alto-clef-with-8ve-designation-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.10.-Alto-clef-with-8ve-designation-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.10.-Alto-clef-with-8ve-designation-225x94.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.10.-Alto-clef-with-8ve-designation-350x146.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u201111. Octave designations in tenor clef<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.11.-Tenor-clef-with-8ve-designation.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.11.-Tenor-clef-with-8ve-designation.png\" alt=\"C3, C4, and C5 notated on tenor clef staff\" width=\"600\" height=\"251\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6900 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.11.-Tenor-clef-with-8ve-designation.png 600w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.11.-Tenor-clef-with-8ve-designation-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.11.-Tenor-clef-with-8ve-designation-65x27.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.11.-Tenor-clef-with-8ve-designation-225x94.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.11.-Tenor-clef-with-8ve-designation-350x146.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u201112. Octave designations on keyboard layout<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image10.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image10.png\" alt=\"image of keyboard with octaves numbered\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1430\" height=\"377\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The pitch of a note may be modified by adding one of the symbols that appear in Figure 1\u20111.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Figure 1\u20111. Symbols for modifying notes<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image11.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image11.png\" alt=\"The flat symbol, which lowers a note by one half step. The sharp symbol, which raises a note by one half step. The natural symbol, which restores a note to its unmodified status. The double flat symbol, which lowers a note by two half steps. The double sharp symbol, which raises a note by two half steps.\" width=\"1056\" height=\"222\" class=\"alignnone\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Example 1\u201113 shows the correlation between modified note names and their location on the keyboard. A <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_43_247\">half step<\/a> is the interval between two immediately adjacent keys on the piano. For comparison, on a guitar, the distance between each adjacent fret on the same string is also a half step.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u201113. Modified notes on the keyboard<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image12.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image12.png\" alt=\"image of keyboard showing enharmonically equivalent note names\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1429\" height=\"653\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Two notes that are spelled differently but sound the same are said to be <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_43_249\">enharmonically equivalent<\/a>. For example, C<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ff51ac680d6bea2ba79d15ba08ffcca2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#115;&#104;&#97;&#114;&#112;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> and D<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0e4fd1b228a913e7ed236ea1697df45c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#102;&#108;&#97;&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> look different in pitch notation, but sound at the same frequency. Likewise, F<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ff51ac680d6bea2ba79d15ba08ffcca2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#115;&#104;&#97;&#114;&#112;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/>, G<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0e4fd1b228a913e7ed236ea1697df45c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#102;&#108;&#97;&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> and E???? are all valid ways of writing the same note. Each of these enharmonically equivalent notes is shown in pitch notation in Example 1\u201114.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 1\u201114. Enharmonically equivalent notes in pitch notation<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image13.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image13.png\" alt=\"image of notes on staff corresponding to note on keyboard\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"996\" height=\"520\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video: T03 Keyboard layout, octave designations, and modifying notes (7:53)<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"T03 Keyboard Layout, Octave Designations, &amp; Modifying Notes\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/yADmNs4R2iA?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This video explores how the keyboard is arranged, defines how we can refer to notes not only by letter name but also by octave designation, and introduces five basic symbols for modifying notes: sharp, flat, natural, double sharp, and double flat.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1><a><\/a>EXERCISE 1-1 Pitch identification<\/h1>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EXERCISE 1-1 Pitch identification<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">PART A. For each of the notes written on the grand staff below, provide the letter name and octave designation. The first is done for you.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 1<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image14.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image14.jpg\" alt=\"unlabeled notes on grand staff\" width=\"1854\" height=\"517\" class=\"alignnone\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 2<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image15.jpeg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image15.jpeg\" alt=\"unlabeled notes on grand staff\" width=\"1355\" height=\"378\" class=\"alignnone\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">PART B. For each of the notes written on the movable C clefs below, provide the letter name and octave designation beneath the staff. Take care to distinguish between alto and tenor clef. The first is done for you.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 1<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image16.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image16.jpg\" alt=\"unlabeled notes on alto clef staff\" width=\"1825\" height=\"246\" class=\"alignnone\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 2<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image17.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image17.jpg\" alt=\"unlabeled notes on tenor clef staff staff\" width=\"1821\" height=\"248\" class=\"alignnone\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Access a printer-friendly .pdf of the exercise here: <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.1-Pitch-identification.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ex1.1 Pitch identification<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>Want more practice identifying note names? Try these drills:<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId31\" href=\"https:\/\/tonesavvy.com\/music-practice-exercise\/1\/note-name-sight-reading-grand-staff-game\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice identifying note names on grand staff<\/span><\/a><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> (<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">tonesavvy<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"><\/span><a class=\"rId32\" href=\"https:\/\/www.musictheory.net\/exercises\/note\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice identifying note names on grand staff<\/span><\/a><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> (musictheory.net)<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"><\/span><a class=\"rId33\" href=\"https:\/\/tonesavvy.com\/music-practice-exercise\/22\/note-name-sight-reading-alto-staff-game\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice identifying note names in alto clef<\/span><\/a><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> (<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">tonesavvy<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1><a><\/a>EXERCISE 1-2 Pitch notation<\/h1>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EXERCISE 1-2 Pitch notation<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">PART A. Given the letter name and octave designation, draw the following notes on the grand staff below in the most logical position. In some cases, it may make sense to notate the pitch in either treble or bass clef (either is fine). Be careful to notate the sharp or flat <span>to the immediate left of the note that is modified, on the same line or space.<\/span> The first is done for you.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 1<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image18.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image18-1024x299.png\" alt=\"Blank Grand staff with symbols indicating notes beneath staff\" width=\"1024\" height=\"299\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-39\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image18-1024x299.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image18-300x88.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image18-768x224.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image18-65x19.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image18-225x66.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image18-350x102.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image18.png 1429w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 2<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image19.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image19-1024x292.png\" alt=\"Blank Grand staff with symbols indicating notes beneath staff\" width=\"1024\" height=\"292\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-40\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image19-1024x292.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image19-300x86.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image19-768x219.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image19-65x19.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image19-225x64.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image19-350x100.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image19.png 1430w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">PART B. Given the letter name and octave designation, draw the following notes on the movable C clefs below. The first is done for you. Take special care to distinguish between alto and tenor clef, to notate the sharp or flat <span>directly to the left of the note that is modified<\/span>, and to place the note in the correct octave.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 1<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image20.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image20-1024x137.png\" alt=\"blank alto clef staff with symbols representing notes beneath staff\" width=\"1024\" height=\"137\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-41\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image20-1024x137.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image20-300x40.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image20-768x103.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image20-65x9.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image20-225x30.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image20-350x47.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image20.png 1431w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 18pt\">SET 2<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image21.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image21-1024x122.png\" alt=\"blank tenor clef staff with symbols representing notes beneath staff\" width=\"1024\" height=\"122\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image21-1024x122.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image21-300x36.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image21-768x91.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image21-65x8.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image21-225x27.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image21-350x42.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image21.png 1431w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Access a printer-friendly .pdf of the exercise here: <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex1.2-Pitch-notation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ex1.2 Pitch notation<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Want more practice constructing notes on the staff? Try this drill: <a class=\"rId34\" href=\"https:\/\/www.musictheory.net\/exercises\/note-construction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice note construction<\/span><\/a><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> (musictheory.net)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1><a><\/a>Supplemental resources<\/h1>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Supplemental resources for Chapter 1<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-right: -54pt\"><a class=\"rId35\" href=\"https:\/\/www.8notes.com\/school\/theory\/staff_clefs_ledger_lines.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">8Notes primer on the staff, clefs, and ledger lines<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-right: -54pt\"><a class=\"rId36\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/fundamentals-function-form\/chapter\/5-pitch\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Andre Mount\u2019s chapter on pitch notation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-right: -54pt\"><a class=\"rId37\" href=\"http:\/\/musictheory.pugetsound.edu\/mt21c\/BasicConcepts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Rob Hutchison\u2019s chapter on basic concepts<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-right: -54pt\"><a class=\"rId38\" href=\"https:\/\/musictheorymaterials.utk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Notation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Barbara Murphy\u2019s primer on musical notation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-right: -54pt\"><a class=\"rId39\" href=\"https:\/\/gmajormusictheory.org\/Fundamentals\/Ch01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Gilbert <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">DeBenedetti\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> chapter on the keyboard and the treble clef<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-right: -54pt\"><a class=\"rId40\" href=\"https:\/\/gmajormusictheory.org\/Fundamentals\/Ch02.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Gilbert <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">DeBenedetti\u2019s<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> chapter on the bass clef<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/viva.pressbooks.pub\/openmusictheory\/chapter\/introduction-to-western-musical-notation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelsea Hamm&#8217;s chapter on Western music notation<\/a> (Open Music Theory)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/viva.pressbooks.pub\/openmusictheory\/chapter\/notation-of-notes-clefs-and-ledger-lines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelsea Hamm&#8217;s chapter on notation of notes, clefs, and ledger lines<\/a> (Open Music Theory)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/viva.pressbooks.pub\/openmusictheory\/chapter\/clefs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelsea Hamm&#8217;s chapter on reading clefs<\/a> (Open Music Theory)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/viva.pressbooks.pub\/openmusictheory\/chapter\/the-keyboard-and-grand-staff\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelsea Hamm&#8217;s chapter on the keyboard and the grand staff<\/a> (Open Music Theory)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/viva.pressbooks.pub\/openmusictheory\/chapter\/aspn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelsea Hamm and Bryn Hughes&#8217;s chapter on octave designations<\/a> (Open Music Theory)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_43_239\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_43_239\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>in Western musical notation, a set of lines and spaces, each representing a different pitch<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_43_244\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_43_244\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>term referring to how listeners perceive sound frequencies, in absolute terms as letter names (A, B, C, etc.) and in relative terms (\"higher\" or \"lower\" pitch)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_43_241\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_43_241\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>in Western music notation, a symbol that represents a particular range of pitches<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_43_251\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_43_251\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>in Western music notation, a commonly used two-staff system, connected with a bracket, in which the top staff uses treble clef and the bottom uses bass clef; often used for piano music notation<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_43_252\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_43_252\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>in Western music notation, lines that extend an existing 5-line staff to notate notes above or below the given staff lines<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_43_246\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_43_246\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>system that allows us to differentiate among different octave placements of the same letter name (e.g., C4 refers to middle C; A4 refers to the A above middle C, while A3 refers to the A below middle C)<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_43_247\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_43_247\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>In the 12-note Western chromatic scale, the smallest interval between two notes<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_43_249\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_43_249\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>term referring to two notes, intervals, or chords that sound the same, but are spelled differently<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[48],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-43","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry","chapter-type-standard"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/43","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":125,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/43\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6957,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/43\/revisions\/6957"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/43\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=43"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=43"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=43"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}