{"id":98,"date":"2023-04-24T18:29:30","date_gmt":"2023-04-24T18:29:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/chapter\/minor-scales-key-signatures\/"},"modified":"2025-08-12T21:50:16","modified_gmt":"2025-08-12T21:50:16","slug":"minor-scales-key-signatures","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/chapter\/minor-scales-key-signatures\/","title":{"raw":"Minor scales and key signatures","rendered":"Minor scales and key signatures"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"minor-scales-&amp;-key-signatures\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning goals for Chapter 6<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In this chapter, we will learn:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>How to construct and identify the three minor scales<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How minor scales function in musical contexts<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How to construct and identify minor key signatures<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How to find relative and parallel keys<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How to sing three- and four-note pitch patterns in minor keys, focused on diatonic anchors (do, me, and sol)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><a id=\"Minor scales\"><\/a>Minor scales<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In Chapter 3 we began studying music in major keys. Major keys are marked by the prominent major third (MA3) between the [pb_glossary id=\"356\"]tonic[\/pb_glossary] and [pb_glossary id=\"1028\"]mediant[\/pb_glossary] scale degrees. Minor keys, in contrast, feature a minor third (mi3) between tonic and mediant, which creates their characteristic sound.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">There are several types of minor scales. The first we shall study is the [pb_glossary id=\"1029\"]natural minor scale[\/pb_glossary], which features the following pattern of whole and half steps: W H W W H W W. Compare the C major scale to its [pb_glossary id=\"1030\"]parallel minor[\/pb_glossary], C natural minor, in Example 6\u20111.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 6\u20111. C major and C natural minor scales<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image65.png\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image65-1024x159.png\" alt=\"C major and C natural minor scales written in bass clef on the staff\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-86 size-large\" width=\"1024\" height=\"159\" \/><\/a>\r\n[audio mp3=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex6.1.mp3\"][\/audio]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">There are several methods for writing natural minor scales, two of which are:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">METHOD 1. Memorize the pattern of whole and half steps: W H W W H W W.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">METHOD 2. Write the parallel major scale, then lower scale degrees [latex]\\hat{3}[\/latex], [latex]\\hat{6}[\/latex], and [latex]\\hat{7}[\/latex] by one chromatic half step.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">When we sing the natural minor scale using solfege, \u201cmi\u201d becomes \u201cme,\u201d \u201cla\u201d becomes \u201cle,\u201d and \u201cti\u201d becomes \u201cte.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In addition to natural minor scales, there are two other minor scale variants: the harmonic minor scale and the melodic minor scale. The [pb_glossary id=\"1038\"]harmonic minor scale[\/pb_glossary] retains the lowered mediant and submediant scale degrees featured in natural minor, but instead of having a [pb_glossary id=\"1039\"]subtonic[\/pb_glossary] (lowered [latex]\\hat{7}[\/latex], \u201cte\u201d), it instead features a [pb_glossary id=\"677\"]leading tone[\/pb_glossary] (raised [latex]\\hat{7}[\/latex], \u201cti\u201d) like major. Compare the C harmonic minor scale with C natural minor and its parallel major, C major, in Example 6\u20112.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 6\u20112. C major, C natural minor, and C harmonic minor scales<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image66.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image66.png\" alt=\"C major, natural minor, and harmonic scales on the staff in bass clef\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"651\" height=\"565\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n[audio mp3=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex6.2.mp3\"][\/audio]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The harmonic minor scale is the only scale we shall study that features three half steps (between scale degrees [latex]\\hat{2}[\/latex] and [latex]\\hat{3}[\/latex], [latex]\\hat{5}[\/latex] and [latex]\\hat{6}[\/latex], and [latex]\\hat{7}[\/latex] and [latex]\\hat{1}[\/latex]). It is also the only one of these scales that features an augmented second (between scale degrees [latex]\\hat{6}[\/latex] and [latex]\\hat{7}[\/latex]), which gives it its characteristic sound. Aptly named, the harmonic minor scale is most often used for creating chords (<em>harmony<\/em>) in a minor key.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">There are several methods for writing harmonic minor scales:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">METHOD 1. Memorize the pattern of intervals: W H W W H A2 H<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">METHOD 2. Write the natural minor scale that starts on the same tonic, then raise scale degree [latex]\\hat{7}[\/latex] by one chromatic half step.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">METHOD 3. Write the parallel major scale, then lower scale degrees [latex]\\hat{3}[\/latex] and [latex]\\hat{6}[\/latex] by one chromatic half step.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">[pb_glossary id=\"1043\"]Melodic minor scales[\/pb_glossary] are the only scales we shall study that have different ascending and descending forms. When ascending, melodic minor scales are similar to major scales, but with lowered scale degree [latex]\\hat{3}[\/latex], which marks the scale as minor. When descending, melodic minor scales are exactly like natural minor (with lowered scale degrees [latex]\\hat{7}[\/latex], [latex]\\hat{6}[\/latex], and [latex]\\hat{3}[\/latex]). C melodic minor appears below in Example 6\u20113.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 6\u20113. C melodic minor scale<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.3-1024x113.png\" alt=\"C harmonic minor scale written in bass clef on the staff\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1045 size-large\" width=\"1024\" height=\"113\" \/>\r\n\r\n[audio mp3=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex6.3.mp3\"][\/audio]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The melodic form of the minor scale is used most often in <em>melodies<\/em>, whereas the harmonic form of the minor scale is used most often for building chords (<em>harmonies<\/em>).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">To write a melodic minor scale, use one of the following methods:<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">METHOD 1<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Write the ascending and descending forms of the natural minor scale.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Alter the ascending portion by raising scale degrees [latex]\\hat{6}[\/latex] and [latex]\\hat{7}[\/latex] by one chromatic half step.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">METHOD 2<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Start with the ascending portion. Write the parallel major scale and then lower scale degree [latex]\\hat{3}[\/latex].<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Complete the descending portion. Write the natural minor version of the scale descending. The easiest way to do this is to identify the accidentals used in the natural minor key (which will be the same as those in the minor key signature). If it is confusing to write the scale descending, write it ascending on a separate sheet of staff paper first and then copy the notes in reverse order to get the descending form of the scale.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video: T14 Intro to minor scales (8:14)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vnxUJGSzIJE[\/embed]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This video introduces the three forms of the minor scale\u2014natural, harmonic, and melodic\u2014in relation to each other and their parallel major counterpart.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><a id=\"_Toc130306371\"><\/a>EXERCISE 6-1 Minor scales in context<\/h1>\r\n<span>If you would like to be guided through the exercises, see the \u201cMinor scales in context\u201d video below.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EXERCISE 6-1 Minor scales in context<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>D NATURAL MINOR<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Write the ascending D natural minor scale below or on a separate piece of staff paper. Bracket the location of all half steps. Select the right arrow over the image to view the answer.<\/p>\r\n[h5p id=\"10\"]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Listen for scale degrees [latex]\\hat{3}[\/latex]-[latex]\\hat{2}[\/latex]-[latex]\\hat{7}[\/latex]-[latex]\\hat{1}[\/latex] (me re te do) from the D natural minor scale in the following example.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Worksheet example 6\u20111. Sherwood Schwartz and George Wyle, \u201cThe Ballad of Gilligan\u2019s Isle,\u201d theme from <em>Gilligan\u2019s Island<\/em>, 0:10\u20130:23<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\nThe [latex]\\hat{3}[\/latex]-[latex]\\hat{2}[\/latex]-[latex]\\hat{7}[\/latex]-[latex]\\hat{1}[\/latex] (me re te do) occurs on the words \u201cthree-hour tour\u201d near the end of the excerpt.\r\n\r\n[audio mp3=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.1-Gilligans-Island-Ballad-Rc.mp3\"][\/audio]\r\n\r\nListen to the full track on <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/track\/3T8lqmIn5TAUzU9wjPt2YD?si=0b4db7f348f64d20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spotify<\/a>.\r\n\r\nLearn about <strong>Sherwood Schwartz<\/strong> (1916\u20132011) and <strong>George Wyle<\/strong> (1916\u20132003), the composers of the \u201cBallad of Gilligan\u2019s Isle,\u201d and the history of the theme song at the <a class=\"rId168\" href=\"https:\/\/gilligan.fandom.com\/wiki\/The_Ballad_of_Gilligan%27s_Isle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Gilligan\u2019s Island Wiki<\/span><\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Now write the descending form of the D natural minor scale in treble clef below or on a separate sheet of staff paper. All of the notes should be identical in spelling to how they appear in the ascending version. Select the right arrow over the image to view the answer.<\/p>\r\n[h5p id=\"11\"]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Listen for overlapping D minor descending scales in the following example.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Worksheet example 6\u20112. James Horner, \u201cTo the Forest,\u201d from the soundtrack to <em>Apocalypto<\/em>, 0:23\u20130:53<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n[audio mp3=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.2-Horner.mp3\"][\/audio]\r\n\r\nListen to the full track on <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/track\/54sdabmZIwKCYutQDleNCk?si=e940f3e9c6c7497a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spotify<\/a>.\r\n\r\nLearn about American film composer <strong>James Horner<\/strong> (1953\u20132015) by reading this <a class=\"rId169\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.A2093199\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Oxford Music Online article<\/span><\/a>, written by Durrell Bowman.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>C HARMONIC MINOR<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Write the ascending C harmonic minor scale below or on a separate sheet of staff paper. Bracket the location of all half steps. Select the right arrow over the image to view the answer.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">[h5p id=\"12\"]<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Listen for the C harmonic minor scale in the following example.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Worksheet example 6\u20113. Jeff Moss, \u201cEight Beautiful Notes,\u201d 0:37\u20131:17<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n[audio mp3=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.3-Eight-Beautiful-Notes-Sesame-Street.mp3\"][\/audio]\r\n\r\nListen to the full track on <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/track\/55kAHLMRExvkkRotjdCHsS?si=4de4a8186a3d49f4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spotify<\/a>.\r\n\r\nLearn about the Sesame Street song \u201cEight Beautiful Notes\u201d written by <strong>Jeff Moss<\/strong> (1942\u20131998) at the <a class=\"rId170\" href=\"https:\/\/muppet.fandom.com\/wiki\/Eight_Beautiful_Notes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Muppet Wiki<\/span><\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>A<\/strong><strong> HARMONIC MINOR<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Write the ascending A harmonic minor scale below or on a separate sheet of staff paper. Bracket the location of all half steps. Select the right arrow over the image to view the answer.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">[h5p id=\"13\"]<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Find the A harmonic minor scale in the following example.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Worksheet example 6\u20114. W. A. Mozart, K. 305, Violin Sonata no. 21 in A major, mvt. 2, var. 5<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image68.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image68.png\" alt=\"score for Mozart, K. 305 excerpt\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"1106\" height=\"634\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n[audio mp3=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.4-Mozart-305-mvt-2-var-5.mp3\"][\/audio]\r\n\r\nListen to the full track, performed by Itzhak Perlman and Daniel Barenboim, on <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/track\/6ABnQ8xcCzpo1Rkpfs0mVg?si=cf5db793e5bc4a1a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spotify<\/a>.\r\n\r\nLearn about Austrian composer <strong>Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart<\/strong> (1756\u20131791) by reading this <a class=\"rId171\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.6002278233\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Oxford Music Online article<\/span><\/a>, written by Cliff Eisen and Stanley Sadie.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>A MELODIC MINOR<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Write the ascending and descending A melodic minor scale below or on a separate piece of staff paper. Bracket the location of all half steps. Select the right arrow over the image to view the answer.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">[h5p id=\"14\"]<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Find both ascending and descending forms of this scale in the following example.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Worksheet example 6\u20115. Antonio Vivaldi, Concerto for Two Violins in A Minor, RV. 522, mvt. 1, mm. 1\u20134<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-1024x142.png\" alt=\"image of score\" width=\"1024\" height=\"142\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5704 size-large\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n[audio mp3=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-Concerto-for-2-violins-in-A-minor-RV-522-op.3-no.8_-Alleg.mp3\"][\/audio]\r\n\r\nListen to the full track, performed by Les Violons du Roy, Bernard Labadie, on <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/track\/0j2xXL4JuPYTX9maABdSMF?si=78c9cead54524719\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spotify<\/a>.\r\n\r\nLearn about Italian composer <strong>Antonio Vivaldi<\/strong> (1678\u20131741) by reading this <a class=\"rId172\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.40120\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Oxford Music Online article<\/span><\/a>, written by Michael Talbot and revised by Nicholas Lockey.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Access a printer-friendly .pdf of the exercise here: <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/01\/Ex6.1-Minor-scales-in-context.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ex6.1 Minor scales in context<\/a><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\nWant more practice spelling minor scales? Try these drills:\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId173\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.teoria.com\/en\/exercises\/sc.php\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice constructing minor scales<\/span><\/a> (teoria)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId174\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.musictheory.net\/exercises\/scale-construction\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice constructing minor scales<\/span><\/a> (musictheory.net)<\/p>\r\nWant practice identifying minor scales? Try these drills:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId175\" href=\"https:\/\/www.musictheory.net\/exercises\/scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Written scale identification<\/span><\/a> (musictheory.net)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId179\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/tonesavvy.com\/music-practice-exercise\/217\/scale-mode-ear-training-game\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Scale ID ear trainer<\/span><\/a> (tone savvy)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId180\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.musictheory.net\/exercises\/ear-scale\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Scale ID ear trainer<\/span><\/a> (musictheory.net)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Listen to the audio examples featured in this exercise here: <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/playlist\/5Ud4R93FnXbzGruMoFEgHr?si=521f4f7a7f6c43b2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spotify playlist for minor scales in context<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video: T15 Minor scales in context (10:09)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/vimeo.com\/1008187640?share=copy[\/embed]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This video walks viewers through <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/01\/Ex6.1-Minor-scales-in-context.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ex6.1 Minor scales in context<\/a>, exploring the use of the three forms of the minor scale in four musical examples ranging from TV and movie soundtracks to a concerto for two violins by Vivaldi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Listen to the audio examples (and more) featured in this video here: <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/playlist\/5Ud4R93FnXbzGruMoFEgHr?si=ec4f6438bcec4c12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Minor scales in context playlist<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><a id=\"_Toc130306373\"><\/a>Minor key signatures<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Just like compositions in major keys, compositions in minor keys also use key signatures. <span>The order and placement of sharps and flats in minor key signatures follow the same circle-of-fifths pattern as major key signatures, which appears in Figure 6-1.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Figure 6\u20111. The circle of fifths for major and minor keys<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image70.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image70.png\" alt=\"circle of fifths image\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"1317\" height=\"1354\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Each key signature has two possible interpretations: either a major key or its [pb_glossary id=\"1090\"]relative[\/pb_glossary] minor key. A pair of major and minor keys that possess a [pb_glossary id=\"1090\"]relative[\/pb_glossary] relationship share the same key signature, but have different tonics, as in C major and A minor. A pair of major and minor keys that possess a [pb_glossary id=\"1030\"]parallel[\/pb_glossary] relationship share the same tonic, but have different key signatures, as in C major and C minor.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The easiest way to identify a minor key signature is to relate it to its relative major key. The tonics of a minor key and its relative major are always a minor third (mi3) apart. If you're given the major key, the relative minor is a minor third (mi3) below the tonic of the major key. If you're given the minor key, the relative major is a minor third (mi3) above the tonic of the minor key.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Self-check quiz on relative keys<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<span>[h5p id=\"108\"]<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\nWant to practice identifying and constructing major and minor key signatures? Try these drills:\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.studybass.com\/lessons\/bass-scales\/relative-major-and-minor-scales\/quiz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quiz on <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">relative<\/span> keys<\/a> (studybass.com)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId177\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.teoria.com\/en\/exercises\/ksi.php\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice identifying all major and minor key signatures<\/span><\/a> (teoria)<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId178\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.teoria.com\/en\/exercises\/ksc.php\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice constructing major and minor key signatures<\/span><\/a> (teoria)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><a id=\"_Toc130306374\"><\/a>Pitch patterns in minor keys<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><span>Learning pitch patterns in minor keys will help you with sight singing and transcription.<\/span> In minor keys, solfege syllables always differ from major on scale degree [latex]\\hat{3}[\/latex] (\u201cmi\u201d becomes \u201cme\u201d) and sometimes on scale degrees [latex]\\hat{6}[\/latex] (\u201cla\u201d or \u201cle\u201d) and [latex]\\hat{7}[\/latex] (\u201cti\u201d or \u201cte\u201d), depending on which minor scale is used. The pitch patterns in minor keys are shown in Figure 6\u20112 and Example 6\u20114. In contrast to the major pitch patterns, the minor pattern labeled \"7\" now has <span>three variants corresponding to the three minor scales: natural, harmonic, and melodic.<\/span> Although the patterns in Example 6\u20114 are shown in D minor, they should be practiced in other minor keys as well.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Figure 6\u20112. Pitch patterns in minor<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2-rev.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2-rev-995x1024.png\" alt=\"chart showing solfege syllables for pitch patterns in minor\" width=\"995\" height=\"1024\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2840 size-large\" \/><\/a>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Access a screen-reader friendly .pdf of this figure here: <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Figure 6-2<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 6\u20114. Pitch patterns in D minor<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6-4-pitch-patterns.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6-4-pitch-patterns-1024x1020.png\" alt=\"image of pitch patterns written in musical notation\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1020\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2847 size-large\" \/><\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video: S07 Pitch patterns in minor keys (7:39)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wMMxDITUcQQ[\/embed]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This interactive video models each of the minor pitch patterns in solfege and with hand signs, then gives you an opportunity to practice each (singing, with solfege and hand signs).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video: S11 Practicing four-note pitch patterns (3:58)<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tGxLmqFN1xw[\/embed]\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This interactive video walks you through singing the four-note pitch patterns in minor, which feature step-wise motion between do and sol and sol and do, in each of the minor scales using E as tonic. Patterns practiced include sol le te do and do te le sol (natural minor), sol le ti do and do ti le sol (harmonic minor), and sol la ti do and do te le sol (melodic minor).<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><a id=\"_Toc130306375\"><\/a>Solfege syllables in the chromatic scale<\/h1>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><span>Each scale we\u2019ve studied so far has contained a different configuration of solfege syllables based on which version of scale degrees<\/span> [latex]\\hat{3}[\/latex] (mi or me), [latex]\\hat{6}[\/latex] (la or le), or [latex]\\hat{7}[\/latex] (ti or te) it uses. Any scale degree can be raised or lowered, and the vowel of the solfege syllable will shift accordingly. In general, raised chromatic notes use an [i] vowel sound, and lowered chromatic notes use an [e] sound (with the exception of \"ra,\" which is lowered scale degree [latex]\\hat{2}[\/latex]). Example 6\u20115 shows the solfege syllables for all chromatic notes. <span>Enharmonically equivalent notes have different syllables depending on whether they are used as a raised or lowered scale degree; for instance, in Example 6-5, D[latex]\\sharp[\/latex] is \u201cri\u201d and E[latex]\\flat[\/latex] is \u201cme.\u201d<\/span> For now, knowing the difference between \u201cmi\u201d and \u201cme,\u201d \u201cla\u201d and \u201cle,\u201d and \u201cti\u201d and \u201cte\u201d is more important than learning all of the chromatic solfege syllables. We will draw upon the other chromatic solfege syllables when we study modes in Chapter 8.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 6\u20115. Solfege syllables for all chromatic notes<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5a-ascending-chroma-scale.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5a-ascending-chroma-scale-1024x133.png\" alt=\"image of ascending C chromatic scale written in tenor clef, annotated with solfege syllables: do di re ri mi fa fi sol si la li ti do\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1102 size-large\" width=\"1024\" height=\"133\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5b-descending-chroma-scale.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5b-descending-chroma-scale-1024x139.png\" alt=\"image of descending C chromatic scale written in tenor clef, annotated with solfege syllables: do ti te la le sol se fa mi me re ra do\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1103 size-large\" width=\"1024\" height=\"139\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h1><a id=\"Supplemental resources\"><\/a>Supplemental resources<\/h1>\r\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\"><header class=\"textbox__header\">\r\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Supplemental resources for Chapter 6<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId181\" href=\"https:\/\/www.8notes.com\/school\/theory\/the_minor_scales.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Minor scales primer from 8notes.com<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId182\" href=\"https:\/\/gmajormusictheory.org\/Fundamentals\/Ch06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Gilbert <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">DeBenedetti's<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> chapter on natural minor scales and key signatures<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId183\" href=\"https:\/\/gmajormusictheory.org\/Fundamentals\/Ch07.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Gilbert <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">DeBenedetti's<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> chapter on writing minor scales<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId184\" href=\"https:\/\/gmajormusictheory.org\/Fundamentals\/Ch09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Gilbert <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">DeBenedetti's<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> chapter on reviewing minor scales<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId185\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/fundamentals-function-form\/chapter\/16-minor-scale-variants\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Andre Mount's chapter on minor scales<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId186\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/fundamentals-function-form\/chapter\/9-minor-keys-and-key-signatures-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Andre Mount's chapter on minor key signatures<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId187\" href=\"https:\/\/musictheorymaterials.utk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Major-and-Minor-scales-small.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Barbara Murphy's primer on major &amp; minor scales<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/viva.pressbooks.pub\/openmusictheory\/chapter\/minor-scales\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelsey Hamm and Bryn Hughes's chapter on minor scales, scale degrees, and key signatures<\/a> (Open Music Theory)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"minor-scales-&amp;-key-signatures\">\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Learning goals for Chapter 6<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In this chapter, we will learn:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>How to construct and identify the three minor scales<\/li>\n<li>How minor scales function in musical contexts<\/li>\n<li>How to construct and identify minor key signatures<\/li>\n<li>How to find relative and parallel keys<\/li>\n<li>How to sing three- and four-note pitch patterns in minor keys, focused on diatonic anchors (do, me, and sol)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1><a><\/a>Minor scales<\/h1>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In Chapter 3 we began studying music in major keys. Major keys are marked by the prominent major third (MA3) between the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_98_356\">tonic<\/a> and <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_98_1028\">mediant<\/a> scale degrees. Minor keys, in contrast, feature a minor third (mi3) between tonic and mediant, which creates their characteristic sound.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">There are several types of minor scales. The first we shall study is the <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_98_1029\">natural minor scale<\/a>, which features the following pattern of whole and half steps: W H W W H W W. Compare the C major scale to its <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_98_1030\">parallel minor<\/a>, C natural minor, in Example 6\u20111.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 6\u20111. C major and C natural minor scales<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image65.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image65-1024x159.png\" alt=\"C major and C natural minor scales written in bass clef on the staff\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-86 size-large\" width=\"1024\" height=\"159\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image65-1024x159.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image65-300x47.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image65-768x119.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image65-65x10.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image65-225x35.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image65-350x54.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image65.png 1302w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-98-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex6.1.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex6.1.mp3\">https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex6.1.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">There are several methods for writing natural minor scales, two of which are:<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">METHOD 1. Memorize the pattern of whole and half steps: W H W W H W W.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">METHOD 2. Write the parallel major scale, then lower scale degrees <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e4613cf46b5ba5f7a0e3da296ab92a17_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-92d0faf37742011b58b4bf8ae77dec73_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aabb030b8c1f8a0694fdf6f276fed432_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> by one chromatic half step.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">When we sing the natural minor scale using solfege, \u201cmi\u201d becomes \u201cme,\u201d \u201cla\u201d becomes \u201cle,\u201d and \u201cti\u201d becomes \u201cte.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">In addition to natural minor scales, there are two other minor scale variants: the harmonic minor scale and the melodic minor scale. The <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_98_1038\">harmonic minor scale<\/a> retains the lowered mediant and submediant scale degrees featured in natural minor, but instead of having a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_98_1039\">subtonic<\/a> (lowered <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aabb030b8c1f8a0694fdf6f276fed432_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, \u201cte\u201d), it instead features a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_98_677\">leading tone<\/a> (raised <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aabb030b8c1f8a0694fdf6f276fed432_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, \u201cti\u201d) like major. Compare the C harmonic minor scale with C natural minor and its parallel major, C major, in Example 6\u20112.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 6\u20112. C major, C natural minor, and C harmonic minor scales<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image66.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image66.png\" alt=\"C major, natural minor, and harmonic scales on the staff in bass clef\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"651\" height=\"565\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-98-2\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex6.2.mp3?_=2\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex6.2.mp3\">https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex6.2.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The harmonic minor scale is the only scale we shall study that features three half steps (between scale degrees <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-af5002d4be0497c609d44f228fde7f2a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e4613cf46b5ba5f7a0e3da296ab92a17_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-007e62d9808d6b172da8b2875347ade1_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#53;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-92d0faf37742011b58b4bf8ae77dec73_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aabb030b8c1f8a0694fdf6f276fed432_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a39bc1789eaec8fb0f064f247aee204c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"7\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>). It is also the only one of these scales that features an augmented second (between scale degrees <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-92d0faf37742011b58b4bf8ae77dec73_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aabb030b8c1f8a0694fdf6f276fed432_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>), which gives it its characteristic sound. Aptly named, the harmonic minor scale is most often used for creating chords (<em>harmony<\/em>) in a minor key.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">There are several methods for writing harmonic minor scales:<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">METHOD 1. Memorize the pattern of intervals: W H W W H A2 H<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">METHOD 2. Write the natural minor scale that starts on the same tonic, then raise scale degree <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aabb030b8c1f8a0694fdf6f276fed432_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> by one chromatic half step.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"margin-left: 36pt\">METHOD 3. Write the parallel major scale, then lower scale degrees <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e4613cf46b5ba5f7a0e3da296ab92a17_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-92d0faf37742011b58b4bf8ae77dec73_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> by one chromatic half step.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_98_1043\">Melodic minor scales<\/a> are the only scales we shall study that have different ascending and descending forms. When ascending, melodic minor scales are similar to major scales, but with lowered scale degree <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e4613cf46b5ba5f7a0e3da296ab92a17_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, which marks the scale as minor. When descending, melodic minor scales are exactly like natural minor (with lowered scale degrees <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aabb030b8c1f8a0694fdf6f276fed432_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-92d0faf37742011b58b4bf8ae77dec73_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>, and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e4613cf46b5ba5f7a0e3da296ab92a17_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>). C melodic minor appears below in Example 6\u20113.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 6\u20113. C melodic minor scale<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.3-1024x113.png\" alt=\"C harmonic minor scale written in bass clef on the staff\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1045 size-large\" width=\"1024\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.3-1024x113.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.3-300x33.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.3-768x85.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.3-1536x170.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.3-2048x226.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.3-65x7.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.3-225x25.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.3-350x39.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-98-3\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex6.3.mp3?_=3\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex6.3.mp3\">https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/Ex6.3.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The melodic form of the minor scale is used most often in <em>melodies<\/em>, whereas the harmonic form of the minor scale is used most often for building chords (<em>harmonies<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">To write a melodic minor scale, use one of the following methods:<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">METHOD 1<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Write the ascending and descending forms of the natural minor scale.<\/li>\n<li>Alter the ascending portion by raising scale degrees <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-92d0faf37742011b58b4bf8ae77dec73_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aabb030b8c1f8a0694fdf6f276fed432_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> by one chromatic half step.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">METHOD 2<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Start with the ascending portion. Write the parallel major scale and then lower scale degree <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e4613cf46b5ba5f7a0e3da296ab92a17_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>.<\/li>\n<li>Complete the descending portion. Write the natural minor version of the scale descending. The easiest way to do this is to identify the accidentals used in the natural minor key (which will be the same as those in the minor key signature). If it is confusing to write the scale descending, write it ascending on a separate sheet of staff paper first and then copy the notes in reverse order to get the descending form of the scale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video: T14 Intro to minor scales (8:14)<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"T14 Intro to Minor Scales\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vnxUJGSzIJE?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This video introduces the three forms of the minor scale\u2014natural, harmonic, and melodic\u2014in relation to each other and their parallel major counterpart.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1><a id=\"_Toc130306371\"><\/a>EXERCISE 6-1 Minor scales in context<\/h1>\n<p><span>If you would like to be guided through the exercises, see the \u201cMinor scales in context\u201d video below.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">EXERCISE 6-1 Minor scales in context<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>D NATURAL MINOR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Write the ascending D natural minor scale below or on a separate piece of staff paper. Bracket the location of all half steps. Select the right arrow over the image to view the answer.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-10\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-10\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"10\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"WE 6.1 D natural minor\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Listen for scale degrees <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e4613cf46b5ba5f7a0e3da296ab92a17_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>&#8211;<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-af5002d4be0497c609d44f228fde7f2a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>&#8211;<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aabb030b8c1f8a0694fdf6f276fed432_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>&#8211;<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a39bc1789eaec8fb0f064f247aee204c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"7\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> (me re te do) from the D natural minor scale in the following example.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Worksheet example 6\u20111. Sherwood Schwartz and George Wyle, \u201cThe Ballad of Gilligan\u2019s Isle,\u201d theme from <em>Gilligan\u2019s Island<\/em>, 0:10\u20130:23<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p>The <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e4613cf46b5ba5f7a0e3da296ab92a17_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>&#8211;<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-af5002d4be0497c609d44f228fde7f2a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>&#8211;<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aabb030b8c1f8a0694fdf6f276fed432_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>&#8211;<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-a39bc1789eaec8fb0f064f247aee204c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#49;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"7\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> (me re te do) occurs on the words \u201cthree-hour tour\u201d near the end of the excerpt.<\/p>\n<p><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-98-4\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.1-Gilligans-Island-Ballad-Rc.mp3?_=4\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.1-Gilligans-Island-Ballad-Rc.mp3\">https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.1-Gilligans-Island-Ballad-Rc.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<p>Listen to the full track on <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/track\/3T8lqmIn5TAUzU9wjPt2YD?si=0b4db7f348f64d20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spotify<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Learn about <strong>Sherwood Schwartz<\/strong> (1916\u20132011) and <strong>George Wyle<\/strong> (1916\u20132003), the composers of the \u201cBallad of Gilligan\u2019s Isle,\u201d and the history of the theme song at the <a class=\"rId168\" href=\"https:\/\/gilligan.fandom.com\/wiki\/The_Ballad_of_Gilligan%27s_Isle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Gilligan\u2019s Island Wiki<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Now write the descending form of the D natural minor scale in treble clef below or on a separate sheet of staff paper. All of the notes should be identical in spelling to how they appear in the ascending version. Select the right arrow over the image to view the answer.<\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-11\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-11\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"11\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"WE 6.2 D natural minor descending\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Listen for overlapping D minor descending scales in the following example.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Worksheet example 6\u20112. James Horner, \u201cTo the Forest,\u201d from the soundtrack to <em>Apocalypto<\/em>, 0:23\u20130:53<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-98-5\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.2-Horner.mp3?_=5\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.2-Horner.mp3\">https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.2-Horner.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<p>Listen to the full track on <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/track\/54sdabmZIwKCYutQDleNCk?si=e940f3e9c6c7497a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spotify<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Learn about American film composer <strong>James Horner<\/strong> (1953\u20132015) by reading this <a class=\"rId169\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.A2093199\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Oxford Music Online article<\/span><\/a>, written by Durrell Bowman.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>C HARMONIC MINOR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Write the ascending C harmonic minor scale below or on a separate sheet of staff paper. Bracket the location of all half steps. Select the right arrow over the image to view the answer.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">\n<div id=\"h5p-12\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-12\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"12\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"WE 6.3 C harmonic minor\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Listen for the C harmonic minor scale in the following example.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Worksheet example 6\u20113. Jeff Moss, \u201cEight Beautiful Notes,\u201d 0:37\u20131:17<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-98-6\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.3-Eight-Beautiful-Notes-Sesame-Street.mp3?_=6\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.3-Eight-Beautiful-Notes-Sesame-Street.mp3\">https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.3-Eight-Beautiful-Notes-Sesame-Street.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<p>Listen to the full track on <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/track\/55kAHLMRExvkkRotjdCHsS?si=4de4a8186a3d49f4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spotify<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Learn about the Sesame Street song \u201cEight Beautiful Notes\u201d written by <strong>Jeff Moss<\/strong> (1942\u20131998) at the <a class=\"rId170\" href=\"https:\/\/muppet.fandom.com\/wiki\/Eight_Beautiful_Notes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Muppet Wiki<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>A<\/strong><strong> HARMONIC MINOR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Write the ascending A harmonic minor scale below or on a separate sheet of staff paper. Bracket the location of all half steps. Select the right arrow over the image to view the answer.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">\n<div id=\"h5p-13\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-13\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"13\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"WE 6.4 A harmonic minor\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Find the A harmonic minor scale in the following example.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Worksheet example 6\u20114. W. A. Mozart, K. 305, Violin Sonata no. 21 in A major, mvt. 2, var. 5<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image68.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image68.png\" alt=\"score for Mozart, K. 305 excerpt\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"1106\" height=\"634\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-98-7\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.4-Mozart-305-mvt-2-var-5.mp3?_=7\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.4-Mozart-305-mvt-2-var-5.mp3\">https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.4-Mozart-305-mvt-2-var-5.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<p>Listen to the full track, performed by Itzhak Perlman and Daniel Barenboim, on <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/track\/6ABnQ8xcCzpo1Rkpfs0mVg?si=cf5db793e5bc4a1a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spotify<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Learn about Austrian composer <strong>Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart<\/strong> (1756\u20131791) by reading this <a class=\"rId171\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.6002278233\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Oxford Music Online article<\/span><\/a>, written by Cliff Eisen and Stanley Sadie.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><strong>A MELODIC MINOR<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Write the ascending and descending A melodic minor scale below or on a separate piece of staff paper. Bracket the location of all half steps. Select the right arrow over the image to view the answer.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">\n<div id=\"h5p-14\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-14\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"14\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"WE 6.5 A melodic minor\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Find both ascending and descending forms of this scale in the following example.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Worksheet example 6\u20115. Antonio Vivaldi, Concerto for Two Violins in A Minor, RV. 522, mvt. 1, mm. 1\u20134<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-1024x142.png\" alt=\"image of score\" width=\"1024\" height=\"142\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5704 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-1024x142.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-300x42.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-768x106.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-1536x213.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-2048x284.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-65x9.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-225x31.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-350x48.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-98-8\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-Concerto-for-2-violins-in-A-minor-RV-522-op.3-no.8_-Alleg.mp3?_=8\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-Concerto-for-2-violins-in-A-minor-RV-522-op.3-no.8_-Alleg.mp3\">https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/WE-6.5-Concerto-for-2-violins-in-A-minor-RV-522-op.3-no.8_-Alleg.mp3<\/a><\/audio><\/p>\n<p>Listen to the full track, performed by Les Violons du Roy, Bernard Labadie, on <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/track\/0j2xXL4JuPYTX9maABdSMF?si=78c9cead54524719\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spotify<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Learn about Italian composer <strong>Antonio Vivaldi<\/strong> (1678\u20131741) by reading this <a class=\"rId172\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.40120\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Oxford Music Online article<\/span><\/a>, written by Michael Talbot and revised by Nicholas Lockey.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Access a printer-friendly .pdf of the exercise here: <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/01\/Ex6.1-Minor-scales-in-context.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ex6.1 Minor scales in context<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>Want more practice spelling minor scales? Try these drills:<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId173\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.teoria.com\/en\/exercises\/sc.php\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice constructing minor scales<\/span><\/a> (teoria)<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId174\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.musictheory.net\/exercises\/scale-construction\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice constructing minor scales<\/span><\/a> (musictheory.net)<\/p>\n<p>Want practice identifying minor scales? Try these drills:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId175\" href=\"https:\/\/www.musictheory.net\/exercises\/scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Written scale identification<\/span><\/a> (musictheory.net)<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId179\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/tonesavvy.com\/music-practice-exercise\/217\/scale-mode-ear-training-game\/\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Scale ID ear trainer<\/span><\/a> (tone savvy)<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId180\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.musictheory.net\/exercises\/ear-scale\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Scale ID ear trainer<\/span><\/a> (musictheory.net)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Listen to the audio examples featured in this exercise here: <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/playlist\/5Ud4R93FnXbzGruMoFEgHr?si=521f4f7a7f6c43b2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spotify playlist for minor scales in context<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video: T15 Minor scales in context (10:09)<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"T15 Minor Scales in Context\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/1008187640?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This video walks viewers through <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2024\/01\/Ex6.1-Minor-scales-in-context.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ex6.1 Minor scales in context<\/a>, exploring the use of the three forms of the minor scale in four musical examples ranging from TV and movie soundtracks to a concerto for two violins by Vivaldi.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Listen to the audio examples (and more) featured in this video here: <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/playlist\/5Ud4R93FnXbzGruMoFEgHr?si=ec4f6438bcec4c12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Minor scales in context playlist<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1><a id=\"_Toc130306373\"><\/a>Minor key signatures<\/h1>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Just like compositions in major keys, compositions in minor keys also use key signatures. <span>The order and placement of sharps and flats in minor key signatures follow the same circle-of-fifths pattern as major key signatures, which appears in Figure 6-1.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Figure 6\u20111. The circle of fifths for major and minor keys<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image70.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/image70.png\" alt=\"circle of fifths image\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"1317\" height=\"1354\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">Each key signature has two possible interpretations: either a major key or its <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_98_1090\">relative<\/a> minor key. A pair of major and minor keys that possess a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_98_1090\">relative<\/a> relationship share the same key signature, but have different tonics, as in C major and A minor. A pair of major and minor keys that possess a <a class=\"glossary-term\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-describedby=\"definition\" href=\"#term_98_1030\">parallel<\/a> relationship share the same tonic, but have different key signatures, as in C major and C minor.<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">The easiest way to identify a minor key signature is to relate it to its relative major key. The tonics of a minor key and its relative major are always a minor third (mi3) apart. If you&#8217;re given the major key, the relative minor is a minor third (mi3) below the tonic of the major key. If you&#8217;re given the minor key, the relative major is a minor third (mi3) above the tonic of the minor key.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--exercises\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Self-check quiz on relative keys<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><span><\/p>\n<div id=\"h5p-108\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-108\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"108\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Self-check quiz on relative keys\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>Want to practice identifying and constructing major and minor key signatures? Try these drills:<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.studybass.com\/lessons\/bass-scales\/relative-major-and-minor-scales\/quiz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quiz on <span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">relative<\/span> keys<\/a> (studybass.com)<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId177\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.teoria.com\/en\/exercises\/ksi.php\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice identifying all major and minor key signatures<\/span><\/a> (teoria)<\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\" style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><a class=\"rId178\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.teoria.com\/en\/exercises\/ksc.php\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Practice constructing major and minor key signatures<\/span><\/a> (teoria)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h1><a id=\"_Toc130306374\"><\/a>Pitch patterns in minor keys<\/h1>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><span>Learning pitch patterns in minor keys will help you with sight singing and transcription.<\/span> In minor keys, solfege syllables always differ from major on scale degree <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e4613cf46b5ba5f7a0e3da296ab92a17_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> (\u201cmi\u201d becomes \u201cme\u201d) and sometimes on scale degrees <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-92d0faf37742011b58b4bf8ae77dec73_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> (\u201cla\u201d or \u201cle\u201d) and <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aabb030b8c1f8a0694fdf6f276fed432_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> (\u201cti\u201d or \u201cte\u201d), depending on which minor scale is used. The pitch patterns in minor keys are shown in Figure 6\u20112 and Example 6\u20114. In contrast to the major pitch patterns, the minor pattern labeled &#8220;7&#8221; now has <span>three variants corresponding to the three minor scales: natural, harmonic, and melodic.<\/span> Although the patterns in Example 6\u20114 are shown in D minor, they should be practiced in other minor keys as well.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Figure 6\u20112. Pitch patterns in minor<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2-rev.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2-rev-995x1024.png\" alt=\"chart showing solfege syllables for pitch patterns in minor\" width=\"995\" height=\"1024\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2840 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2-rev-995x1024.png 995w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2-rev-291x300.png 291w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2-rev-768x791.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2-rev-1492x1536.png 1492w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2-rev-65x67.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2-rev-225x232.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2-rev-350x360.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2-rev.png 1527w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 995px) 100vw, 995px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">Access a screen-reader friendly .pdf of this figure here: <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/fig-6.2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Figure 6-2<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 6\u20114. Pitch patterns in D minor<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6-4-pitch-patterns.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6-4-pitch-patterns-1024x1020.png\" alt=\"image of pitch patterns written in musical notation\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1020\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2847 size-large\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6-4-pitch-patterns-1024x1020.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6-4-pitch-patterns-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6-4-pitch-patterns-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6-4-pitch-patterns-768x765.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6-4-pitch-patterns-1536x1531.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6-4-pitch-patterns-2048x2041.png 2048w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6-4-pitch-patterns-65x65.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6-4-pitch-patterns-225x224.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6-4-pitch-patterns-350x349.png 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video: S07 Pitch patterns in minor keys (7:39)<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-3\" title=\"S07 Pitch Patterns in Minor Keys Video\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wMMxDITUcQQ?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This interactive video models each of the minor pitch patterns in solfege and with hand signs, then gives you an opportunity to practice each (singing, with solfege and hand signs).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--key-takeaways\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Video: S11 Practicing four-note pitch patterns (3:58)<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-4\" title=\"S11 Practicing Four Note Pitch Patterns\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tGxLmqFN1xw?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\">This interactive video walks you through singing the four-note pitch patterns in minor, which feature step-wise motion between do and sol and sol and do, in each of the minor scales using E as tonic. Patterns practiced include sol le te do and do te le sol (natural minor), sol le ti do and do ti le sol (harmonic minor), and sol la ti do and do te le sol (melodic minor).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1><a id=\"_Toc130306375\"><\/a>Solfege syllables in the chromatic scale<\/h1>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><span>Each scale we\u2019ve studied so far has contained a different configuration of solfege syllables based on which version of scale degrees<\/span> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-e4613cf46b5ba5f7a0e3da296ab92a17_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#51;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> (mi or me), <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-92d0faf37742011b58b4bf8ae77dec73_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#54;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> (la or le), or <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-aabb030b8c1f8a0694fdf6f276fed432_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#55;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"9\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> (ti or te) it uses. Any scale degree can be raised or lowered, and the vowel of the solfege syllable will shift accordingly. In general, raised chromatic notes use an [i] vowel sound, and lowered chromatic notes use an [e] sound (with the exception of &#8220;ra,&#8221; which is lowered scale degree <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-af5002d4be0497c609d44f228fde7f2a_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#104;&#97;&#116;&#123;&#50;&#125;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"16\" width=\"8\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/>). Example 6\u20115 shows the solfege syllables for all chromatic notes. <span>Enharmonically equivalent notes have different syllables depending on whether they are used as a raised or lowered scale degree; for instance, in Example 6-5, D<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-ff51ac680d6bea2ba79d15ba08ffcca2_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#115;&#104;&#97;&#114;&#112;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"17\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: -4px;\" \/> is \u201cri\u201d and E<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-0e4fd1b228a913e7ed236ea1697df45c_l3.png\" class=\"ql-img-inline-formula quicklatex-auto-format\" alt=\"&#92;&#102;&#108;&#97;&#116;\" title=\"Rendered by QuickLaTeX.com\" height=\"13\" width=\"6\" style=\"vertical-align: 0px;\" \/> is \u201cme.\u201d<\/span> For now, knowing the difference between \u201cmi\u201d and \u201cme,\u201d \u201cla\u201d and \u201cle,\u201d and \u201cti\u201d and \u201cte\u201d is more important than learning all of the chromatic solfege syllables. We will draw upon the other chromatic solfege syllables when we study modes in Chapter 8.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--examples\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Example 6\u20115. Solfege syllables for all chromatic notes<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5a-ascending-chroma-scale.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5a-ascending-chroma-scale-1024x133.png\" alt=\"image of ascending C chromatic scale written in tenor clef, annotated with solfege syllables: do di re ri mi fa fi sol si la li ti do\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1102 size-large\" width=\"1024\" height=\"133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5a-ascending-chroma-scale-1024x133.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5a-ascending-chroma-scale-300x39.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5a-ascending-chroma-scale-768x100.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5a-ascending-chroma-scale-1536x199.png 1536w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5a-ascending-chroma-scale-65x8.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5a-ascending-chroma-scale-225x29.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5a-ascending-chroma-scale-350x45.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5a-ascending-chroma-scale.png 1541w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5b-descending-chroma-scale.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5b-descending-chroma-scale-1024x139.png\" alt=\"image of descending C chromatic scale written in tenor clef, annotated with solfege syllables: do ti te la le sol se fa mi me re ra do\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1103 size-large\" width=\"1024\" height=\"139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5b-descending-chroma-scale-1024x139.png 1024w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5b-descending-chroma-scale-300x41.png 300w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5b-descending-chroma-scale-768x105.png 768w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5b-descending-chroma-scale-65x9.png 65w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5b-descending-chroma-scale-225x31.png 225w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5b-descending-chroma-scale-350x48.png 350w, https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/files\/2023\/04\/ex-6.5b-descending-chroma-scale.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h1><a><\/a>Supplemental resources<\/h1>\n<div class=\"textbox textbox--learning-objectives\">\n<header class=\"textbox__header\">\n<p class=\"textbox__title\">Supplemental resources for Chapter 6<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"textbox__content\">\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId181\" href=\"https:\/\/www.8notes.com\/school\/theory\/the_minor_scales.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Minor scales primer from 8notes.com<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId182\" href=\"https:\/\/gmajormusictheory.org\/Fundamentals\/Ch06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Gilbert <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">DeBenedetti&#8217;s<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> chapter on natural minor scales and key signatures<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId183\" href=\"https:\/\/gmajormusictheory.org\/Fundamentals\/Ch07.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Gilbert <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">DeBenedetti&#8217;s<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> chapter on writing minor scales<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId184\" href=\"https:\/\/gmajormusictheory.org\/Fundamentals\/Ch09.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Gilbert <\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">DeBenedetti&#8217;s<\/span><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\"> chapter on reviewing minor scales<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId185\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/fundamentals-function-form\/chapter\/16-minor-scale-variants\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Andre Mount&#8217;s chapter on minor scales<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId186\" href=\"https:\/\/milnepublishing.geneseo.edu\/fundamentals-function-form\/chapter\/9-minor-keys-and-key-signatures-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Andre Mount&#8217;s chapter on minor key signatures<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"import-Normal\"><a class=\"rId187\" href=\"https:\/\/musictheorymaterials.utk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/Major-and-Minor-scales-small.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"import-Hyperlink\">Barbara Murphy&#8217;s primer on major &amp; minor scales<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/viva.pressbooks.pub\/openmusictheory\/chapter\/minor-scales\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelsey Hamm and Bryn Hughes&#8217;s chapter on minor scales, scale degrees, and key signatures<\/a> (Open Music Theory)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"glossary\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\" id=\"definition\">definition<\/span><template id=\"term_98_356\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_98_356\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the first note of a tonal scale, or the chord built on the first note of a tonal scale<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_98_1028\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_98_1028\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>scale degree 3<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_98_1029\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_98_1029\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>scale that features the following interval pattern: whole - half - whole - whole - half - whole - whole; also the scale that corresponds with the minor key signature<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_98_1030\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_98_1030\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the relationship between keys that have the same tonic, but a different key signature<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_98_1038\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_98_1038\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>scale that features the following interval pattern: whole - half - whole - whole - half - A2 - half<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_98_1039\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_98_1039\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the scale degree a whole step below tonic, sung as \"te\" in moveable-do solfege, and featured in the natural minor scale and the descending melodic minor scale<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_98_677\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_98_677\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>scale degree 7 in any major, harmonic minor, or ascending melodic minor scale; this scale degree is always a half step below tonic<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_98_1043\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_98_1043\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>scale that has the following interval pattern: ascending whole - half - whole - whole - whole - whole - half; descending whole - whole - half - whole - whole - half - whole; resembles the parallel major when ascending, except for scale degree 3, and resembles natural minor in its descending form<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><template id=\"term_98_1090\"><div class=\"glossary__definition\" role=\"dialog\" data-id=\"term_98_1090\"><div tabindex=\"-1\"><p>the relationship between keys that have different tonics but share the same key signature<\/p>\n<\/div><button><span aria-hidden=\"true\">&times;<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Close definition<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/template><\/div>","protected":false},"author":3,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-98","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/98","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"version-history":[{"count":95,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/98\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6986,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/98\/revisions\/6986"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/98\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=98"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=98"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=98"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pressbooks.macalester.digital\/multimodalmusicianship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=98"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}